农区林业实践对我国退耕还林工程的启示

相对于我国退耕还林工程,农区林业的优势在于:经营模式多样,农民经营风险低,行为自主性较强,为农村剩余劳动力(特别是妇女)提供更多就业机会,政府干预较少。我国退耕还林工程应该学习农区林业的成功经验,从政策上做出调整,建立促使农民积极参与的激励机制,并减少政府的直接干预,以降低政策成本。     

Projecting the bird community response resulting from the adoption of shelterbelt agroforestry practices in Eastern Nebraska

Evolving agricultural policies have influenced management practices within agroecosystems, impacting available habitats for many species of wildlife. Enhancing wildlife habitat has become an explicit objective of existing agricultural policy. Thus, there is renewed focus on field borders and the use of shelterbelt agroforestry systems to achieve conservation goals in the Midwest. Two Representative Farms – a 283-ha dryland and 510-ha irrigated farm were created in Saunders County, Nebraska. The Habitat Analysis and Modeling System (HAMS) was used to describe the composition and spatial pattern of the existing farms and surrounding landscape, as well as for the landscapes surrounding selected Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes. Simulated land use changes resulting from the implementation of two shelterbelt scenarios, Agricultural and Wildlife, were incorporated on each Representative Farm and surrounding landscape. Landscape variables which influence breeding bird species richness and community composition as determined from BBS routes were measured on simulated farm landscapes. A more heterogeneous landscape results from implementing either scenario. The percent total woods was a significant determinant of bird species richness on the BBS routes and was important in influencing bird communities at the farm- and landscape-level. Other landscape metrics which influenced the bird community composition on BBS routes were woody edge percentages and edge density values. Policies promoting shelterbelts create edge habitats which ultimately favor birds within the Forest-edge/generalist guild while bird species in need of conservation such as grassland-field species would potentially be negatively affected. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

退耕还林中生态补偿政策存在的问题浅析——以贵州省晴隆县紫马乡为例

通过对贵州省晴隆县紫马乡退耕还林的调查研究,分析了目前在经济补偿政策中出现的补偿标准不合理,后续管护存在"漏补"现象、补偿年限非持续性,存在复耕隐患、补偿资金融资渠道单一,投入产出错位、补构偿政策执行有偏差等问题.提出了调整补偿标准、延长补偿期限、建立多层次的经济补偿制度等政策建议.     

Performance of forest groups in achieving multifunctional forestry in Flanders

The forest group is a new policy instrument in Flanders (northern Belgium) to realise multifunctional forest management. This group was introduced in 1995 and organises the various kinds of forest owners, private as well as public, on a local basis (mean working area 751 km²), with voluntary participation (as in all forest owner organisations). This study evaluates forest groups in Flanders through an analysis of their relevance, effectiveness, utility and implementation. The targets of forest groups are relevant to the evolving needs and priorities at the local, regional, national and international level. The effectiveness analysis reveals that most indicators — including the quantity of timber harvest, the number of members, the forest area with an accepted management plan, the area under management and the area with small-scale ecological measures — have been improving between 1995 and 2004. The utility analysis emphasises that the owners are motivated because the forest group provides information and increases knowledge, includes the owner into a collective management plan, offers a platform for sharing management experiences and acts as a union force against the government. However, the forest group is not the solution to introduce multifunctional forest management by all forest owners. The implementation analysis identifies a number of impeding factors, including the imbalance between rights and duties, inconsistencies between various policy aims, and failure of forest groups to act as a common forum for all stakeholders in their working area.     

中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势

概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。     

对当前大学生就业的一点思考

本文就当前大学生的就业问题,分析了当前大学生就业难的原因,并结合当前形势进行了思索,提出了解决就业难的一些方案和具体思路。     

The implications of various silvicultural funding arrangements for privately managed public forest land in Canada

When devising policies for financing private silvicultural operations on public forest land, government agencies should consider carefully the benefits and costs of alternative arrangements and how they arc likely to affect tenure holders' behavior. Three general methods of achieving silvicultural objectives arc discussed — the creation of incentives for private voluntary expenditures, reimbursement by governments of expenditures on approved or required silvicultural operations, and required silvicultural operations at the tenure holder's expense.Private firms will only invest voluntarily in silviculture on public lands if they have adequate security of tenure and hold sufficient equity in the timber values resulting from their activities. If firms' silvicultural costs arc reimbursed, their behavior will depend on the extent of reimbursement and whether they have a financial interest in the outcomes of their reimbursed activities. Generally, reimbursement of expenditures must be supported by minimum performance standards and costly monitoring and enforcement procedures. If silvicultural operations are required at the tenure holder's expense, firms will only undertake silviculture to avoid penalties and have a strong incentive to achieve required standards at minimum cost. More stringent monitoring and enforcement procedures may be necessary than if costs arc reimbursed.The impact of policy alternatives is illustrated by means of a survey of silvicultural expenditures on two forest tenure types in British Columbia.     

日本的森林生态效益补偿制度及最新实践

系统介绍了日本的保安林制度和水源税制度等2种森林生态效益补偿制度，对我国森林生态补偿制度存在的问题进行了分析，借鉴日本的经验，提出了加大宣传力度，提高全社会对森林生态效益的认识；建立多渠道、多层次的资金筹措机制；进一步完善配套措施，建立多途径、多方式的补偿机制；建立损失评价制度，提高补偿标准；理顺管理体制，明确补偿重点等政策建议。     

清洁能源产业发展财税政策研究综述

搜集了大量中文、英文文献,对“我国清洁能源产业发展财税政策”的相关研究进行了一个系统、全面的文献综述。从清洁能源产业的历史地位、现状、促进我国清洁能源产业发展的财税政策研究等角度,整理了现有文献的观点,在总结学术界研究特点基础上,分析了几种代表性的观点。研究发现：目前我国清洁能源产业正处于初始阶段,仍然存在许多困境,我国必须针对于这些不足,制定合理的财税政策来促进清洁能源产业的发展。以期为研究我国清洁能源产业发展财税政策提供参考。     

乡村振兴战略背景下种植业系统国有单位工作体系发展趋势研究

种植业系统国有单位作为保障粮食安全的国家队,肩负推动乡村振兴战略实施的重要使命。通过对比2017—2020年农业农村系统国有单位人事劳动统计数据,详细阐述了机构编制、从业人员、职工工资等变化情况。从研究结果可以看出,随着乡村振兴战略的实施深化,种植业系统国有单位机构持续精简,人员结构进一步优化,职工工资待遇不断提升,为助力乡村全面振兴提供了基础保障。聚焦种植业系统国有单位工作体系存在的主要问题,有针对性提出了政策建议,为当前摸清“三农”工作队伍家底提供数据支撑,以推动种植业系统国有单位工作体系进一步发展。